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More
than just the result of brain chemistry, the causes of depression
are complex. Very often a combination of genetic, psychological and environmental
factors is involved in the onset of clinical depression. At times, however,
depression occurs for no apparent reason. Regardless of the cause, depression
is almost always treatable.
Genetics, family history
Some types of depression run in families. Susceptibility to a depressive
disorder is two to four times greater for people whose parent had the
disorder. For those whose parent had bipolar disorder, the risk is six
to eight times greater. However, depression can also occur in people who
have no family history of depression.
Studies of families
have found that those with bipolar disorder have a different genetic makeup
than those who do not get ill. But, not everybody with that genetic makeup
will have the illness. Factors such as life stresses can also be involved
in its onset.
The vulnerability
to depression could also be the result of nurture rather than nature:
Family members may live in the same environment, share similar values
and be subjected to similar stressors.
Stress
Psychological
and environmental stressors can contribute to a depressive episode, though
individuals react differently to life events and experiences. But, social,
psychological, and genetic factors act together to predispose to, or protect
against, depression.
The death of a loved
one is one of the most powerful life stressors. Parental neglect or abuse,
major family or work changes, a serious
loss or financial problems can also be stressful enough to trigger
a depressive episode.
Negative
thinking
How individuals view and interpret stressful events contributes to their
risk of depression.
Distorted
interpretations of stressful events may be internalized, exaggerated
or seen as irreversible: "This event will change everything,"
"This is my fault," or "I'll never be able to recover from
this."
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 Negative
thinking by itself cannot cause depression. But, in combination with
mildly depressed mood and adverse life events, a downward spiral can lead
to depression or cause a recurrence of depression.
Behavior
Depressed mood can cause a person to become less active, physically and
socially. They withdraw from people and stop participating in enjoyable
activities. The behaviors that accompany a down mood can, themselves,
worsen the depression.
Physical conditions
Studies have found that physical changes in the body can be accompanied
by mental changes. Medical illnesses such as stroke, a heart attack, cancer,
Parkinson's disease, and hormonal disorders can cause depressive illness.
Gender
Women experience depression about twice as often as men. Many hormonal
factors may contribute to the increased rate of depression
in women. Many women also face additional stresses such as responsibilities
both at work and home, single parenthood, and caring for children and
aging parents.
Take care of yourself
If you are at risk of depression or are living with the disorder, there
are steps you can take to keep depression from taking over your life.
Inform yourself about the illness. Consult with your doctor. If you and
your doctor decide on medications, take them as prescribed - don't skip.
Find a therapist you feel comfortable with. Learn how to keep negative
thinking from bringing you down. Consider a support
group. Eat a healthy diet and exercise
regularly. Stay involved and engaged. Participate in enjoyable activities
and keep in touch with people. You are not your depression. You are a
person who is coping with it.
Sources
NIMH
Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General
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